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We have never seen them directly, yet we know they are there.

Lurking in dense star clusters, or wandering the dust lanes of the Galaxy were they prey on stars or even swallow plants whole.

Our Milky Way may harbor millions of these – Black Holes, the ultra dense remnants of dead stars.

 

But now in universe far beyond our galaxy there is evidence of something even more ominous, a breed of Black Holes that have reached incomprehensible size and destructive powers.

It has taken a new era of Astronomy to find these, high technology instruments in space tuned to find high energy forms of life with x-ray and gamma rays that are invisible to our eyes, new precision telescopes on earth with technology enabling them to cancel out the blurring effect from the atmosphere on earth and see to the far reaches of the Universe.

Looking into far distances of our Galaxies, astronomers finding evidence that space and time can be shattered by eruptions so waste they boggle the mind. We are just beginning to understand the impacts these outburst have had on the Universe around us.

That understanding recently took a leap forward when a team working at the Subaru observatory at the top of one of Hawaii’s volcano mountains looked into the deeper parts of the Universe and captured a beam of light that had taken almost 13 billion years to reach the earth. It was a messenger from not long time after the Universe is believed to have been born.  They focused their attention towards an object known as a Quasar, short for Quasi radio stellar Source, it offered a stunning surprise.

A tiny region of the object is so bright that the astronomers believe it comes from a single object with at least a billion times the mass of our sun.

In the center of this beacon the space suddenly turns dark as it is literary is swallowed by a black hole.

As strange as it may seem, even Hugh Black holes like these are thought to be products of familiar universe of stars and gravity.

They get their start in rare types of large stars at least ten times the mass of our sun. These giants burn hot and fast and they die young. The star is a cosmic pressure cooker. In its core the pressure gravity produces such an intense heat that atoms are stripped and re-arranged. Lighter elements like hydrogen and helium fuse together to form heavier ones like calcium, oxygen, silicon and finally iron. When enough iron forms and accumulate it begins to collapse under its own weight. That will send a chock wave that is sent outwards, literary blowing the star apart.  A supernova is born – at the moment the star dies, if enough matter falls into its core it collapses to a point forming a Black Hole.

Intense gravitational forces surround that point with a dark sphere – the event horizon at which point nothing, even not light can escape.

That is how an average size Black Hole is formed.

What about the monster of the Subaru Quasar just recently observed? Recent observations about these giant black holes have led the theorists to re-think their views on history.

Back in 1995, the Hubble Space telescope was enlisted in to begin register details of that history.

Astronomers selected tiny regions in the sky between the stars, looking north, and south and into south again.

For days at a time they focused the Hubble telescope on these tiny patches of sky to examine the deepest regions in the universe. These deep field images offerings clear view of the cosmos in its infancy. What drew astronomer’s attention were the tiniest galaxies covering only a few pixels on Hubble’s lenses. Most of them do not have the spiral or elliptical shapes of the large galaxies we see closer to us today. Instead they are irregular and scrappy collection of stars. The Hubble Deep field confirmed the idea that the universe must have evolved in a series of building blocks with small galaxies gradually merging and assembling into larger ones. You can see evidence of this pattern by simply looking into the sky as many galaxies are gravitating around one another.  Some are crashing together; others are ripping each other apart. Gravity calls the tune as these galaxies draw together, exchanging stars and gases, and over time merge to form and form larger composite galaxies. Lately though, this picture of the Universe taking shape from the ground up has gotten a lot more complicated.

The quick appearance of giant black holes and galaxies in early universe is at odds with the gradual way matter builds up in most galaxies. They likely had their beginning in the first generation of stars that literary burst on to the cosmic scene, in a time of incredible turbulence. These stars were born in the knot that developed the fuse gas of the universe. Gravity drew these knots together, in the densest regions the stars were born in waves; they even gave birth to black holes. In a relatively short time by cosmic standards the earliest black holes swallowed more and more matter, growing to monumental proportions and became quasars. These quasars in turn were fed by collapse of matter on a much larger scale. Simulations of this illustrate what happened in the first billion years of cosmic history. Gravity forces driven by gases created an intricate web of strings and knots as if you were looking into a large spider web in three dimensions. In the densest regions are you would find the growth of the largest galaxies and black holes. 

 As these regions grow stronger and stronger, the galaxies and black holes grow more and larger. In some regions these reach ultra massive proportions, billions of times mass of our sun. In the center of these massive galaxies, you will find developed a black hole driven by the galactic gravity of gases surrounding these galaxies.

The orbiting Chandra X-Ray Space laboratory was dispatched to look into the distant galaxies for black holes on a growths birth, those who swallow gases and summers, glow hot in x-ray light. And Chandra found them; it even spotted some of them in pairs. Black hole companion entwined in a dance of death, as when the music ends, the pair will swallow each other. That moment must be fast approaching for the largest black hole detected in the Universe up to date (or should we say has happened, as light takes some time to arrive here).

It is a quasar called OJ287, flare ups in the surrounding regions of this quasar suggests to the astrophysicists that another black hole is wandering around it. This giant gravitational hole and its companion have led astronomers to estimate it’s mass to be the enormous 18 billion times our sun mass.

A monster this large and ferocious vents its rage on its surrounding area and radically changes it.

Just look at MSO735, 2.5 billion light years away it appears in visible light to be a typical galaxy cluster. But in x-ray light it is in enveloped in a cloud of hot gas held together by immense cavities over a region of  600 000 light years across, in the radio wave light of the cluster, you can see two concentrated streams of matter pushing out from the center. This tells the astronomers that this is formed due to a rupture in the core of the central galaxy.  Two jets shooting out of the galaxy have launched a blast away through the gas of the galaxy; it is assumed that it requires energy of billions of super novas. This makes this the single largest eruption seen in our universe since the Big Bang. 

The source is a black hole that might weigh around 10 billion solar masses.  How is it that a black hole that is famous for hiding in the dark emit this much energy?

Think of the black hole as the eye in the midst of a hurricane storm, kept rotating by the gas, stars and all other matter surrounding its region of influence and other black holes that seem to fall into it. As this matter flows in, it forms a spinning donut feature called an accretion disc. It works like a dynamo, the spi
nning motion of that disc generates magnetic field that twist around and channel some of the inflowing matter outwards into a pair of high energy beams that projects out from the center of this jet donut.

How much energy, depends on the gravity and size of the black hole and how much matter has already crashed through its event horizon. Is this just another frightening specter of nature, or is it evidence of a more profound process at work?

Black hole jets have been seen all around the Universe, including in our own cosmic neighborhood.  Centauries A, also known as the hamburger galaxy exhibits jets seen in x-ray light, jetting out from its center.

Astronomers have come to believe its two galaxies in the act of colliding.

The famous M87 galaxy, at the center of Virgo cluster of galaxies, about 15 million light years away from us has been studied recently by the astronomers.

They have studied the 4 billion solar sun mass black holes that lurk in its hart. They found that in the tiny center of its region that the gas is whipped by its gravity to orbital speeds of millions of kilometers pr hour, which is powered by a jet that is penetrating into its center.

 

The largest black hole in the universe arose in the edge of quasars around 10-12 billion years ago, by releasing energy in form of jets they heated up the surrounding region. This prevented the gas from collapsing into the center from the surrounding region and allowed smaller galaxies on the periphery to form and grow.

But the monsters impact did not stop there.

The Chandra made a spectral image Hydra A galaxy cluster illustrates the high energy cavities forming jet streams blasting out from its central galaxy.

 

Gas on the edge of these jet streams contains higher content of iron and other metals probably from other supernovas from the explosions in the center. By pushing these heavier elements out into regions beyond the black hole seeds the universe with the elements needed to form stars, planets and solar systems like ours.

Then the smaller galaxies begin to seed their own environment.

As two galaxies begin their dance of entanglement and gas streams of each of these galaxies begin to interact, they feed each others black hole gravity field as they close up and at the same time push much of the loose gas beyond its boundaries. The final stage is a merge into one bigger black hole, as gas is sucked into these and creates a massive pull, in the final stages the singular black hole created by this collision emits one final blast of energy.

Our earth, sun and solar system seem to be beneficiaries of the black holes and their activities around in the universe.

The black holes are the evidence of the constant battle between energy and gravity in our universe.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Honda was a good leader who was able to deal with all team work issues. He realized that although team work and team building suppose many challenges, the final result from a high performance team is worth all the efforts and time spent on achieving it. Honda understood the way a team plays as a whole determines its success and he treated others as equal and often worked in a workshop with his employees being the owner of a corporation.

During the last two decades the notion of organizational culture has achieved wide acceptance as a method to understand human systems and as one of the central concepts in the human resource management. The research of the data shows that every element of organizational culture can be seen as an important environmental condition influencing the system and its subsystems. One of the major duties of strategic leaders is to build and support the organizational elements that make up the collective work.

Organizational culture is the most fundamental element of the collective work. It includes the attitudes, beliefs, experience and values of the company. Hill & Jones (2001, p. 68) define organizational culture as ‘the specific collection of values and norms that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholders outside the organization. Organizational values are beliefs and ideas about what kinds of goals members of an organization should pursue and ideas about the appropriate kinds or standards of behavior organizational members should use to achieve these goals. From organizational values develop organizational norms, guidelines or expectations that prescribe appropriate kinds of behavior by employees in particular situations and control the behavior of organizational members towards one another’.

Soichiro Honda is an exemplary leader. He was a simple man and people followed him as he inspired them. He demanded practical results, and he found how to achieve these results. Honda was a person with vision and passion. He learned to see failures as necessary steps toward success. Soichiro Honda instilled in his employees the drive to learn without fear of failure, having built the road to success.

In the news: Executives at Toyota Motor’s new plant in a Bangkok suburb point out that the factory in Thailand is the first to run on clean natural gas.

The factory is equipped with robots and parts movers moving silently on the assembly floors. Toyota’s $426 million facility shows that despite the political unrest in Thailand it has not affected global carmakers’ positive views of the country.

Thailand is renowned worldwide when it comes to the production of one-ton trucks, with projected outputs of 853,000 units for this year alone. The said figure outpaced United States which according to J.D. Power Automotive Forecasting produces only 588,000 units of trucks.

Thailand is the second biggest market for trucks since it’s a common sight in rural areas where most farm products are produced. The domestic sales for this year are forecast at 510,000 units as compared to the 651,000 units forecast in the United States.

According to Vallop Tiasiri, director of the privately-funded Thailand Automotive Institute, “The strength of our truck industry lies in the size of our domestic market that makes production cost competitive. Our traditional political and labor stability also help.”

The Toyota plant has started operation last month and occupies 245 hectares or 605 acres of paddy fields, making Thailand as a major export base for small pickup trucks. Plant Manager Charnchai Suppayakom said, “We ship 4,000 right-hand drive Hilux trucks to Australia a month and another 2,000 of the left-hand version to Saudi Arabia.” He also added that the factory’s initial 100,000 annual production capacity can be quadrupled to answer any increase in future export demand.

ToMoCo’s third Thai facility has been able to increase annual vehicle production output to 550,000 of which 40 percent are shipped or exported overseas. The Thai facility will also be used to manufacture Toyota truck parts. The additional 2,000 workers at the Ban Pho plant bring Toyota’s Thai workforce to 13,500 of which 5,000 are permanent staff while the rest are hired on temporary contracts.

Despite the military coup last September in Thailand that has somewhat affected its image as an investment destination for global companies both the Japanese and US carmakers are determined in staying put. Somphob Manarangsan, an economics professor at Bangkok’s Chulalongkorn University said, “Japanese firms are investing more in China, but they don’t risk putting all their eggs in one basket. Thai plants are part of their diversification strategy.”

Thailand was able to produce 1.2 million vehicles last year and almost half of which were exported. Thailand’s vehicle tax structure that favors pickups over passenger cars makes the one-tonne truck the champion of the Thai auto industry. Inexpensive diesel has also helped to increase sales. Auto columnist Suphat Tisapong said, “Entry prices for pick-ups and passenger sedans are about the same here at around half a million baht ($14,285). But a pick-up comes with a much larger 2.5-litre engine compared with 1.5 litre for sedans.”

Aside from Toyota, Ford Motor Co, General Motors Corp, Nissan Motor Co Ltd, Mitsubishi Motors Corp, Isuzu Motors Ltd, and Mazda Motor Corp. have also opened factories in Thailand for their export vehicles and mostly have started building their plants after Asia’s 1997/98 economic crisis. Each of them has invested 140,000-180,000 trucks a year, exporting them to 100 countries from Australia and the Middle East to Europe and even reaching Latin America.

Automotive Resources Asia analyst May Arthapan said since most producers have already establish their plants in Thailand there would come a time that the export growth will slow down once output meets global demand . She also added, “The big export rise in recent years is a result of the relocation of production base to Thailand. Once this is over, we should return to more normal growth.”

J.D. Power has estimated that global demand for the small trucks for this year reaches only 2.1 million units and predicted average annual growth of 7.1 percent for the coming 2008 to 2011. As oppose to J.D. Power the Vallop of Thailand Automotive was not that optimistic saying, “This is quite a small vehicle segment with limited growth potential of perhaps 2 per cent a year.” He also added that Thailand would need to shift to other trucks or small sedans once demand for new one-ton trucks ceases.

In recent years the Thai government has offered proposals that include generous incentives for global carmakers just to encourage them to invest in export-oriented facilities for small economy sedans. The Thai government aims to further develop its auto industry which is its second-biggest industry after computers and electronics, employing about 350,000 people and accounting for nearly 15 percent of gross domestic product.